Journal of Business Research - Turk

Determinants of Higher Education Application Rates in Türkiye

M. Mithat ÜNER, Özge ÇAMALAN, Tuna KARATEPE — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This research aims to examine the macroeconomic factors affecting higher education application rates in Türkiye during the 2006-2024 period. The significant decline in applications to the Higher Education Institutions Examination (YKS) in recent years necessitates analysis of the determinants of demand for higher education. The study seeks to empirically demonstrate the impact of macroeconomic variables such as poverty, unemployment among university graduates, and wage differentials—frequently highlighted by the media—on higher education demand, thereby addressing a gap in the literature.
Design/Methodology/Approach – Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using annual time series data from the 2006-2024 period. The dependent variable was the higher education application rate (ratio of YKS applications to the 15-24 age group population), while the independent variables included poverty rate, unemployment rate among higher education graduates (15-24 age group), and economic return rate of education (ratio of entry-level civil servant salary to net minimum wage). Data were obtained from ÖSYM reports, TÜİK statistics, and Ministry of Labor and Social Security sources.

Findings – Regression analysis results revealed that all three macroeconomic variables had statistically significant effects on higher education application rates. The poverty rate emerged as the strongest determinant (β=-2.524, p<0.001), with a 1-point increase in poverty reducing application rates by 2.5 points. The unemployment rate among university graduates also negatively affected applications (β=-0.481, p=0.020), demonstrating the deterrent effect of "educated unemployment." The economic return rate of education showed a positive but limited effect (β=0.202, p=0.036). The model explains 77.7% of the total variation in higher education demand..
Discussion – The research findings demonstrate that poverty rate has the strongest determinant effect on higher education applications. The unemployment rate among university graduates also negatively affects applications. The wage ratio has a positive but limited effect. The model reveals that higher education demand in Türkiye can be explained by macroeconomic variables.

Electric Automobile Perception of Generation Z: A Future Perspective for Sustainable Development

Kadir YILMAZ, Cihangir KASAPOĞLU — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Electric automobiles play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. However, the market share of electric vehicles in Türkiye is still low, and various factors prevent consumers from adopting these vehicles. At this point, the need to create a projection of future automobile users increases. The aim of the study is to determine the attitudes and perceptions of Generation Z towards electric vehicles and to reveal the role of sustainability in the adoption of electric vehicles.
Design/methodology/approach – The sample of this study, which is based on a qualitative research approach, consists of Generation Z individuals living in the metropolitan districts of Ankara. The research data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The data obtained were analyzed thematically with MAXQDA 2020
Results – The environmental friendliness of electric vehicles is one of the main factors that positively affect Generation Z's adoption of these vehicles. However, price barriers and inadequacies in charging infrastructure emerge as significant barriers limiting the adoption process.
Discussion – The findings suggest that the motivations and barriers faced by Generation Z in the adoption of electric cars are important factors to be considered by policymakers and industry representatives. In line with the results of the study, various recommendations are presented for the future of electric vehicles. The study has limitations in terms of generalisability due to its limited geographical scope and participant diversity. This study provides important insights for future policy makers and industry representatives to consider when making strategic decisions.

Examining the Relationships between Advertising Expenditures and Technology in the US Economy with the ARDL Bounds Test

Güller ŞAHİN, Balar ÇELİK — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – In the new advertising era that began in 1994, the emergence of the internet and technological advances in digital advertising have led to a significant reallocation of spending from traditional advertising to digital advertising. In 2024, global advertising spending is expected to reach $917 billion, up from $845 billion the previous year. This figure represents an annual growth of approximately 8.5%. Compared globally, the US, the largest advertising market, ranks first in the ranking of economies by advertising expenditure. It is assumed that the country's spending in the advertising market will reach approximately $420 billion. The purpose of this study is to examine how technology affects advertising spending in the US economy over the 1997-2022 time period. Internet usage and cellular data variables were used as technology parameters.
Design/methodology/approach – Short-term and long-term relationships between the series were determined by choosing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Lag bounds test in line with the Phillips-Perron and Dickey-Fuller GLS unit root test findings. Diagnostic tests including autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, normality and identification error assumptions of the model were conducted, and CUSUM and CUSUM squares tests were applied for the stability condition of parameter estimates.
Results – The short- and long-term interaction findings between the variables confirm that technology increases advertising expenditures. At the same time, the error correction term indicating that one-term lagged values of the residuals were included in the model provides evidence that deviation from a possible balance in the short term is corrected and reaches balance in the long term.
Discussion – The results indicate that more personalized and target-oriented digital campaigns should be focused on in order to maximize investment returns in the advertising market and effectively reach specific audiences. In addition, creating and increasing brand loyalty of consumers towards the product or service positively affects the profit maximization goal of the producers as it reduces the demand elasticity of the advertisement.

The Mediating Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Green Organizational Culture of Transformational Leadership Style Perceived by City Hospital Employees

Güven KARAMAN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Today, businesses strive to sustain their activities in rapidly changing environmental conditions. The change in dynamic environmental conditions reveals transformational leadership style in the management process and business activities. The aim of this research is to examine the perceptions of transformational leadership style, corporate social responsibility and green organizational culture of city hospital employees, to determine the effects of transformational leadership style exhibited by top management on corporate social responsibility and green organizational culture in ensuring the paradigm transformation that needs to be realized in the orientation of enterprises towards environmentally friendly activities, to determine whether corporate social responsibility has a mediating effect on the formation of green organizational culture of the enterprise, to draw an idea map and to offer suggestions. Design/methodology/approach – This research is based on the concepts of transformational leadership, corporate social responsibility and green organizational culture and quantitative method is adopted to determine the relationships between variables. Data were collected online with a questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale.

Results – Within the scope of the research, it was determined that the attitudes of the participants towards the variables differed according to their demographic characteristics, transformational leadership style had a positive effect on both corporate social responsibility and green organizational culture, in addition, corporate social responsibility had a positive effect on green organizational culture, and corporate social responsibility played a mediating role in the effect of transformational leadership style on the formation of green organizational culture.
Discussion – In the implementation of environmentally friendly business activities, green organizational culture and employees with this awareness will make it easier for businesses to fulfill their responsibilities. Businesses will be able to differentiate and gain competitive power thanks to practices with green organizational culture. In order to transform the ongoing habits, attitudes and behaviors of employees in favor of environmentally friendly business activities, in-service trainings on business ethics, environmental ethics, responsibility, etc. should be provided periodically. The positive relationship between transformational leadership, corporate social responsibility and green organizational culture also positively affects the outcomes of the business.

As A Financial Globalization Instrument, Features, Operation and Determinants of Syndicate Loans in Commercial Banks

Ahmet KARAKAŞ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – In this research, we tried to reveal the internal and macroeconomic factors that lead banks to use syndicated loans as an alternative funding, together and with their relative importance levels.
Design/methodology/approach – Commercial banks operating in Turkey in the 2014-2024 period and ranked in the top 15 in terms of asset size were included in the research, and quarterly periods from the beginning of 2014 to the beginning of 2024 were taken into account in the financial data and macroeconomic data of the banks. In the research conducted with the panel data analysis method, predictions were made using the Driscoll-Kraay method, which is one of the estimators that can produce robust standard errors.
Results – As a result of the research; It has been determined that syndicated loans interact negatively with the capital adequacy ratio, return on equity ratio, deposits to total assets ratio, asset size, real effective exchange rate and positively with the acid test ratio.
Discussion – Considering the negative relationship between return on equity and deposit ratio and syndicated loans, it is significant that banks should take the use of syndicated loans into account when choosing alternative funds, and considering the negative relationship between asset size and syndicated loans, it is meaningful for small-scale banks to focus on profitability and growth targets through the use of syndicated loans.

Evaluation of the Financial Performance of Bank with the LOPCOW-RAM Method: The Case of Borsa Istanbul

Murat Ahmet DOĞAN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The financial performance of banks operating in Turkiye and listed on Borsa Istanbul is analyzed using a multi-criteria evaluation method. It is aimed to analyze the financial performance of banks with an innovative approach by considering factors such as their complex structures, cash flows and capital adequacy ratios. In the analysis process, it is aimed to identify the most successful banks based on the financial data between 2018 and 2023 and to reveal the main criteria affecting this success.
Design/methodology/approach – RAM, a multi-criteria decision-making method, is used in the study. This method allows for the multidimensional consideration of various criteria to determine the financial performance of banks. In the performance evaluation process, LOPCOW method was preferred to determine the criteria weights.
Results – As a result of the analyses, it is observed that there is a significant improvement in the performance of banks that have increased their profitability. The most effective criterion in the analysis is the return on equity. In addition, it has been determined that the banks with the best performance in the banking sector are the banks engaged in development banking activities. In this context, KLNMA, TSKB, QNB Finansbank and Şekerbank stand out as the top four banks in terms of performance.
Discussion – The results show that profitability-oriented strategies have a decisive impact on financial performance in the banking sector. Return on equity has emerged as a critical factor for banks' long-term sustainability and competitiveness. In particular, the success of development banks in the sector reveals that their contribution to the economy and capital management skills are more effective than other banks. The findings of the study provide important information to decision makers in the banking sector on strategic planning and resource management and suggest that more comprehensive analyses can be conducted on the effects of banking activities on financial performance.

The Impact of Relationship Marketing Practices on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty of Multinational Network Businesses

Emrah ERGİN, Tahire HÜSEYİNLİ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to examine the impact of relationship marketing practices on customer satisfaction and loyalty in multinational network businesses. Specifically, the effects of relationship marketing components such as trust, communication, and competence have been analyzed through surveys conducted with customers of companies operating in the cosmetics sector, including Avon, Farmasi, and Oriflame.
Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative research approach was employed, and a survey study was conducted. A total of 390 participants were asked questions to measure their demographic characteristics and attitudes toward relationship marketing components. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software, and the results were evaluated through Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and PATH analysis.
Results – The components of trust, communication, and competence were found to have statistically significant effects on customer satisfaction. Additionally, customer satisfaction was identified as having a strong impact on customer loyalty. Male participants exhibited higher levels of customer loyalty compared to female participants. The findings also revealed no statistically significant differences in customer satisfaction and loyalty across different income levels.

The Effect of Mobbing on Work Safety Perception: The Case of Istanbul Tourism Certificated Enterprises

Funda DOĞAN, Süleyman ŞİMŞEK — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the threats and harassments dimension of mobbing and the perception dimension of work safety awareness in occupational accidents.
Design/methodology/approach – As a method, the deductive method was used in literature writing and the “quantitative relational” model was used in the method section in order to analyze cause-effect relationships, and the survey participants were determined by simple random sampling method.
Results – As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that threats and harassment at work have negative effects on the perception of workplace safety awareness. It was observed that the participants' perceptions of occupational safety awareness differed according to marital status.
Discussion – Increasing competition in the globalised business market makes it very difficult for businesses to sustain their existence and continue their activities profitably. In addition to these negativities, threats and harassment in the workplace can increase occupational accidents and this situation causes loss of work, loss of earnings, increased accidents, turnover of labor force, decreased motivation of employees and dissatisfaction of consumers. In order for businesses to achieve their goals, to make new investments, to achieve competitive success, to motivate employees and to develop the national economy, mobbing behaviors in the workplace should be prevented. It is not enough for businesses to make efforts alone in terms of preventing mobbing, reducing occupational accidents, increasing employee motivation and developing the country's economy. For this reason; public institutions, society, businesses, non-governmental organizations, foundations, universities and all similar institutions should act together and in solidarity. In this context, it was thought that conducting scientific research on the relationship between mobbing and occupational accidents in universities could be beneficial to the relevant environment and this study was planned to be conducted.

Examining The Relationship Between BIST 100 Stocks, Foreign Trade Deficit and Credit Volume

Cemil SÜSLÜ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between BIST 100 stock prices, foreign trade deficit and total credit volume.
Design/methodology/approach – Granger (1980) causality analysis, variance decomposition and action-response analyzes were used between the variables using the VAR method in the research. Data between the period 2007 M7-2023 M12 were used in the study.
Results – As a result of the analysis, no causality relationship was found between the foreign trade deficit and total credit volume and BIST 100 stock prices. However, it has been observed that BIST 100 stock prices are the cause of the foreign trade deficit and total credit volume. In addition, it has been determined that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between the foreign trade deficit and total credit volume in Turkey.
Discussion – Although it has been studied extensively in other fields, the unique value of the research is to examine the relationship between stock prices, foreign trade and total credit volume, and reach results that can contribute to portfolio creation strategies regarding foreign trade deficits and total credit volume.

A Bibliometric Analysis on Brand Trust

Seda MUTİ TABANLI — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Amaç – Alan yazınında marka güveni ile ilgili konular belirlenerek gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar için alt yapının oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem – Web of Science veri tabanında yapılan ilk çalışmalar olan 2001 yılından Aralık 2024 yılına kadar ulaşılan İngilizce dilinde yazılmış 947 makale bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Marka güveni ile ilgili konular, anahtar kelimeler gibi bazı bilgilere ait tablolar ve görsel haritalar, VOSviewer programı kullanılarak bibliyometrik literatür çalışmasının özeti şeklinde sunulmuştur.
Bulgular – Marka güveni konusuyla ilgili çalışmaların en çok işletme alanında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Marka güveni konusunun tüketici tatmini, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk, çevresel kaygı alt başlıkları halinde konulara ayrıldığı ve bu konuların içerisinde en fazla tüketici tatmini konusuyla ilişkilendirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Marka güveni ile ilgili gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda Türkiye’nin alt sıralarda yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca en çok kullanılan anahtar kelimelerde marka sadakati ve satın alma niyeti kelimeleri birlikte kullanıldığı marka güveninin marka sadakati ve güveninin önemli bir unsuru olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Tartışma- Marka sadakatinin, satın alma niyetinin, algılanan faydanın, marka değerinin, tekrar satın almanın ardında gösterilen markaya olan inancın yani güvenin giderek önemi artmaktadır. Marka güveni konusuyla ilgili ulusal literatürde bibliyometrik çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Konuya ilgi duyan araştırmacılara referans olacağı düşünülmektedir.

The Effect of Employees' Entrepreneurial and Innovative Behaviors on Sustainable Export Performance of Businesses

Çiğdem YILMAZ, Dursun BOZ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of employees' entrepreneurial and innovative behaviors on the sustainable export performance of enterprises.
Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted with the employees of the exporting enterprises in Avcılar district of Istanbul province by using convenience sampling on a voluntary basis and 401 employees were reached with a questionnaire. Normal distribution test, sampling adequacy test, difference test, correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyze the data set.
Results – As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that the entrepreneurial behaviors of the employees have an effect on the export performance of the enterprises (F=7,790; p<0,05; β=0,110) and the innovative behaviors have an effect on the export performance of the enterprises (F=22,483; p<0,05; β=0,188). It can be evaluated that revealing the entrepreneurial and innovative behaviors of exporting business employees is one of the important factors in export performance.
Discussion – The fact that it is one of the first studies to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial and innovative behaviors on the export performance of enterprises shows the originality of the research. In addition to contributing to the literature on the effect of employees' entrepreneurial and innovative behaviors on export performance, it is also possible to conduct studies on other organizational behavior issues in the future.

Examining the Mediating Effect of Personality Traits on the Effect of Organizational Loneliness on Employee Motivation

Hasan Saltuk DURAK — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to determine the organizational loneliness perceptions of public personnel and the effects of these perceptions on employee motivation and whether personality traits have a mediating role in this effect.
Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve the objectives, data was obtained from 219 participants via an online survey and quantitative methods were used for analysis. The analysis of the obtained data was tested with SPSS 26 package program and Smart-PLS package programs. Public institution employees in Düzce city center were taken as the basis for the purpose of the study.
Results – It was determined that organizational loneliness has a negative effect on motivation. Although organizational loneliness has no effect on personality traits, it was observed that personality traits have a mediating effect on motivation. In addition, organizational loneliness was found to have a direct effect on motivation.
Discussion – The findings obtained enable practitioners to make inferences regarding employees experiencing a sense of loneliness and their effects on low motivation in order to develop appropriate strategies. Although organizational loneliness was measured as a stress factor, it was examined together with its effects on motivation, which is an effective factor in the success of employees. The study fills the gap in the organizational loneliness literature by examining the mediating effect of personality traits and explaining them from a separate perspective.

The Impact of Consumer Perceptions in Social Media Advertisements on Brand Awareness and Purchase Intention

İbrahim Atilla KARATAŞ, Mehmet Emin YAŞAR, Özlem ŞENLİK — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of consumer perceptions of social media advertisements on brand awareness and purchase intention.
Design/methodology/approach – The research data set consists of 552 people selected by convenience sampling method. Quantitative analysis method was used in the research. During the analysis process, Cronbach Alpha, normality test, KMO and Bartlett tests were used to test the reliability, normality distribution and suitability of the scales for factor analysis. Then, the structural validity of the scales was examined with factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the accuracy of the factor structure. Regression analysis was performed to test the relationships between the variables.
Results – It has been observed that the sub-dimensions of contribution to the economy and provision of information within consumer perceptions in social media advertisements have a significant and positive effect on brand awareness. The relationship between the sub-dimensions of consumer perceptions in social media advertisements and purchase intention was also analyzed in the study. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the sub-dimensions of consumer perceptions in social media advertisements such as provision of information, entertainment, reliability and contribution to the economy have a significant and positive effect on purchase intention.
Discussion – While the study provides valuable information on consumer perceptions of social media advertising, the limited effects of the entertainment and trustworthiness dimensions on brand awareness are noteworthy. Future research may focus on different demographic groups and industries to determine the generalizability of the results.

Co-Variation Effect of Gender, Education Level and Seniority on The Relationship Between Mushroom Management Perceptions of Agricultural and Forestry Personnel and Their Quiet Quitting

Halil Özcan ÖZDEMİR — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Organizational behavior studies are an extremely important issue in today's world where competition is fierce. Studies on the problems experienced by employees in agricultural activities in organizations are extremely few. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationships between mushroom management perceptions and quiet quitting management perceptions of employees working in the Kırşehir provincial organization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. It is also to determine whether gender, education level and seniority have a covariation effect in this relationship.
Design/methodology/approach – In this context, a questionnaire form consisting of ready-made scales was applied to 132 employees in the central and provincial organizations of the Kırşehir Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. The questionnaires were determined on a voluntary participation basis. Thanks to this research, it was determined whether the employees were informed about these scales and what their attitudes and behaviors were about this issue.
Results – According to the research results, a positive significant relationship was determined between mushroom management perception and quiet quitting behaviors. It was determined that gender, education level and seniority did not have any covariation effect in this relationship between mushroom management perception and quiet quitting attitudes of employees.
Discussion – The research results revealed the existence of a positive significant relationship between mushroom management perception and quiet quitting behaviors. This finding indicates that quiet quitting behaviors increase with the increase in mushroom management practices that employees are exposed to. One of the striking findings of the research is that there is no covariation effect of gender, education level and seniority variables in the relationship between mushroom management perception and quiet quitting attitudes. This result shows that the negative effects of mushroom management are seen similarly on all employees regardless of demographic characteristics.

Examining the Effect of Consumer Confusion Regarding Food Inspection Disclosures on Consumer Scepticism and Avoidance

İbrahim BOZACI — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Today, public announcement of food inspections is one of the methods used by countries for purposes such as consumer protection and preventing unfair competition. Researches in the marketing literature on their effects on consumers are limited. This study aims to reveal the relationships between consumer confusion regarding food inspection announcements, consumer scepticism towards businesses whose inspection reports are disclosed, and avoidance of these businesses.
Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative field survey was conducted to test the research hypotheses. Primary data was collected from 313 consumers using convenience sampling and online survey methods and the obtained data was analysed using the SPSS and AMOS programs.
Results – In the study, it was determined that there is important level of consumer confusion and scepticism, a large level of consumer avoidance, and the vast majority did not follow food inspection announcements closely. As a result of the study, it was determined that consumer confusion positively affect consumer scepticism and avoidance, and that consumer scepticism played a mediating role in the effect of consumer confusion on consumer avoidance. Accordingly, it is understood that consumer scepticism towards businesses whose food inspection reports are disclosed has a high level of impact on consumer avoidance.
Discussion – The research results show that confusion regarding food inspection report explanations negatively affects consumers against the business, and consumer scepticism plays an important role in this effect. The findings are similar to the studies in the literature in terms of the effect of skepticism on avoidance. On the other hand, the findings are novel in terms of they reveal that perceived confusion regarding anti-business messages can also have negative effects on the business. Finally, the research develops suggestions to increase the effectiveness of food inspections.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Doyumu Düzeyleri Üzerinde Kariyer Uyum Yeteneği ve Yükseköğretime Bağlılığın Yordayıcı Rollerinin İncelenmesi

Merve MAMACI — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – In today's ever-changing academic and professional settings, it's becoming more crucial to understand the psychological and career-related factors that flourish university students well-being. In this context, this study aims to examine the predictive roles of career adaptability and commitment to higher education institutions on university students' life satisfaction levels.
Design/methodology/approach – This research was conducted using a quantitative research method. In this context, the survey method was preferred in the study. A total of 295 students from foundation universities from Istanbul participated in the study. Personal Information Form, Career Adaptability Scale, Student Commitment in Higher Education Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale were used to collect the data. The data were subjected to the normality test, reliability test, descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis.
Results – The results showed that the levels of career adaptability and commitment to higher education significantly predicted the life satisfaction levels of university students.
Discussion – It seems possible to evaluate the university years as an exciting yet challenging process in which different experiences are gained for university students. In this process, universities can be considered as social structures that are expected to contribute to students' life satisfaction by supporting their academic and personal development. Increasing the capacity of university students to adapt to the changing business life can help them make informed decisions about their future professional lives. In addition, individuals with high student commitment may be more motivated than others to improve their career adaptation skills by actively participating in educational processes. This may create a sustainable development cycle that supports students' academic and professional success by increasing their life satisfaction and psychological well-being.

Analysis of the Associations Among Cryptocurrencies, Market Indices and Commodities Using Machine Learning

Yasemin KESKİN BENLİ, Hilal ABACI ÖZDEMİR — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Cryptocurrencies, which are becoming increasingly important for both investors and financial systems today, have gained an important place in investors' portfolio strategies due to their high volatility. The aim of the study is to reveal the associations between the closing values of Solana, Bitcoin, Ethereum, NASDAQ 100, S&P 500, Gold and Brent Oil, and to provide results that will help investors develop effective portfolio diversification strategies and reduce portfolio risk.
Design/methodology/approach – The hypothesis of the study is to examine whether the prices of Solana, Bitcoin, Ethereum, NASDAQ 100, S&P 500, Gold and Brent Oil move together. The data set consists of the closing values of Solana, Bitcoin, Ethereum, NASDAQ 100, S&P 500, Gold and Brent Oil for weekdays and 744 business days when the stock exchanges were open between 04.01.2021 and 19.01.2024. Apriori and FP-Growth association analyses, which are machine learning algorithms, were applied at different support levels to determine associations between variables. Associations among variables were detected at different support levels (0,10 ve 0,25).
Results – According to the results of the Apriori and FP-Growth association analysis, it was observed that the closing values of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, NASDAQ 100 and S&P 500 generally move together. Gold and Brent Oil, on the other hand, have generally exhibited opposite and rarely parallel associations with other variables. Especially in the association rules at the 0.25 support level, no associations with cryptocurrencies have been detected. This is an important finding for investors to reduce portfolio risk.
Discussion – The study examines the assosiations among cryptocurrencies, indices, and commodities, presenting findings that can assist investors in optimizing their portfolio diversification strategies and, consequently, reducing risks more effectively. Moreover, by constructing a portfolio comprising non-correlated assets such as Gold, Brent Crude Oil, and cryptocurrencies, it offers investors opportunities for profit generation and risk reduction, that is, the possibility of portfolio diversification.

The Moderating Role of Customer Orientation in The Impact of Customer Incivility on Turnover Intention

Muhammed TAŞ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to examine the effect of customer incivility on turnover intention within the framework of Conservation of Resources Theory (CRT). Additionally, it seeks to investigate the moderating role of customer orientation in this relationship.
Design/methodology/approach – The study population consists of frontline employees who have direct interactions with customers in hotel and restaurant businesses operating in Erzincan. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method through face-to-face survey technique, resulting in a sample of 220 participants. The data were analyzed using AMOS, SPSS, and PROCESS Macro.
Results – The analysis results indicate that customer incivility significantly and positively affects employees' turnover intention. Moreover, it has been determined that customer orientation mitigates this negative effect and plays a moderating role.
Discussion – This study contributes to the extension of CRT by demonstrating that individual characteristics (customer orientation) can alleviate the negative effects of resource loss. The findings highlight the importance of businesses developing strategies to reduce customer incivility and implementing measures to protect employees from adverse situations.

Çok Duyulu Teknoloji ile Zenginleştirilmiş Lüks Marka Deneyimi: Tüketici Algısı ve Marka Gücü Üzerindeki Etkileri

Cevdet Alptekin KAYALI, Serra ÖZSOY KARAGÜLLE — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This research aims to examine the effects of multisensory technology and brand experience on perceived consumer value and brand strength. The study addresses how the financial, functional, social, and individual dimensions of perceived consumer value are influenced, with the goal of providing strategic insights to luxury brand managers.
Design/methodology/approach – This study is an applied research focused on the luxury retail sector. Surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted during the data collection process, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Demographic and behavioral factors were also evaluated to examine consumer perceptions of multisensory technology.
Results – The research shows that multisensory technologies enhance brand experience and strengthen perceived brand value. Multisensory technology and brand experience positively affect financial, functional, social, and individual value perceptions. When examining the effects of perceived value on brand strength, significant differences were identified in brand loyalty and customer engagement.
Discussion – There is limited research on the effects of multisensory technology-based experiences on the perceived value and brand strength of luxury brand consumers. This study contributes to the literature by addressing these concepts with a holistic approach. The findings aim to help luxury brands strengthen their relationships with their target audience and refine their marketing strategies.

The Role of Smart Technology in The Digital Transformation of Companies and Its Effect on Organizational Performance

Sevil ÖZEN, Ayşe GÜNGÖR — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – In the study, the effect of the increasingly important issue of digitalization in business activities on organizational performance will be investigated and the relationship between digital transformation, smart technology and organizational performance will be examined as a result of the literature review. The organizational performance of the companies manufacturing in Mersin will be measured regarding the model called Industry 4.0 and adopted as digitalization in the industry in our country and how suitable their current infrastructure is for this new technological transformation and the role of smart technology in the effect of digital transformation on organizational performance will be examined.
Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses created within the scope of the research model were tested on the data obtained from the surveys. The reliability analysis of the data obtained from the survey research was analyzed using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and item total correlation methods in the SPSS 26 package program. The structural validity was examined using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method in the AMOS 24 package program. In the second step, frequency distribution, scale statistics, mean standard deviation and demographic variables (independent t test and ANOVA) were examined using the SPSS package program. The analysis of the research model was performed using the SPSS Prcess macro add-on.
Results – The results show that both smart technologies and digital transformation have a positive effect on organizational performance. In addition, since the indirect effect was found to be statistically significant, it was seen that digital transformation has a mediating role in the effect of smart technologies on organizational performance.
Discussion – This study provides clues to business management in terms of showing that digital transformation has a positive contribution to increasing organizational performance. Especially with the pandemic period, digital tools have made a very rapid entry into both the social lives of individuals and the business processes of businesses. This study reveals that there is a positive change in the employee performance of businesses that exhibit pioneering behavior in this regard.

The Mediating Role of Work Life Balance in the Effect of Quality of Working Life on Career Satisfaction

Ayşe Nihan ARIBAŞ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine whether work-life balance has a mediating role in the effect of employees' work life quality on their career satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted with the quantitative research method. In this context, the survey technique was adopted in the research. The research was conducted with the participation of employees working in the public sector in Aksaray province and data was obtained from a total of 264 employees. Data were collected using questionnaires consisting of demographic variables, work life quality, career satisfaction and work-life balance scales. Normality test, reliability test, descriptive statistics tests, explanatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and simple regression analysis were applied to the obtained data.
Results – As a result of the analyses conducted, it was determined that the quality of employees' work life affects their career satisfaction and that work life balance plays a partial mediating role in this relationship.
Discussion – In today's business life, employees need to establish and maintain their work life balance well in order to be successful. In addition, in order to ensure the quality of work life, employees need to progress successfully in their careers and be satisfied with their careers. The work life quality of employees who can achieve this will also increase. It is thought that this research will contribute to increasing the quality of employees' work life by achieving career satisfaction through work life balance.

The Mediating Role of Organizational Pride in the Effect of Career Satisfaction on Professional Identification: A Study on White Collar Workers

Erkan NUR, Yonca BAKIR — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine whether organizational pride has a mediating role in the effect of career satisfaction on occupational identification.
Design/methodology/approach – The research was carried out with the participation of 408 volunteers from the education sector in Şanlıurfa province. Data were collected through online and face-to-face survey methods and obtained using the snowball sampling method. SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8 programs were used in the analysis process. In the first step, the data set was examined with preliminary analyses and made suitable for analysis. Then, the data was evaluated with CFA, correlation and bootstrap regression analyses.
Results – The analysis results revealed that career satisfaction predicted both occupational identification and organizational pride; and that organizational pride predicted occupational identification statistically significantly and positively. However, it was determined that organizational pride played a partial mediating role in the effect of career satisfaction on occupational identification.
Discussion – The findings of this study suggest that increasing educators' career satisfaction and organizational pride may contribute to a stronger commitment to their profession. This may have important consequences for students. An educator who is committed to their career and proud of their institution is likely to exhibit a more engaged, motivated, and innovative approach in the classroom environment. This may contribute to students receiving more support, becoming more eager to learn, and increasing their academic achievement. Therefore, it can be said that an educator with a high level of satisfaction may enable the development of more equipped, self-confident, and successful individuals.

From the Memory of Stone to Digital Representation: an Analysis of Special Category Hotel Enterprises in Sultanahmet

Çağla ÇETİNKAYA — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the Instagram posts of boutique hotels operating in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, which are located in historically, culturally, and architecturally unique buildings, within the framework of experiential marketing dimensions. The study investigates how these hotel businesses attempt to establish an experiential connection with consumers through Instagram, one of the most widely used digital platforms.
Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative content analysis method was employed in the research. Based on data from the Turkish Hoteliers Association (TUROB), six boutique hotels that were actively posting on Instagram within the last three months were selected. Their visual content shared between December 10, 2024, and February 10, 2025, was analyzed. A systematic coding process was carried out according to Schmitt’s (1999) experiential marketing model, which includes sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and relational dimensions. The data were quantified and evaluated based on percentage distributions.
Results – The findings reveal that the most represented experiential dimension was the sensory one (43%), followed by the emotional dimension (31%). The cognitive, behavioral, and relational dimensions were represented at significantly lower rates. Notable differences were observed between the hotels in terms of the usage rates of experiential dimensions.
Discussion – The results indicate that boutique hotel businesses tend to follow visual-oriented digital strategies aimed at building aesthetic and sensory connections. In contrast, aspects related to providing information, prompting action, and fostering interaction were less emphasized, pointing to areas that need improvement in terms of content diversity.

The Mediatıng Role of Conservation Commitment in the Effect of Value Orientations on Environmentally Responsible Behavior

Yunus DOĞAN, Musa OFLAZ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The aim of this study is to identify the effect of value orientations of individuals residing in Balıkesir and participating in nature-based tourism activities on environmentally responsible behaviors and the mediating role of conservation commitment in this effect.
Design/methodology/approach – In Balıkesir, a destination of significant importance for Turkish tourism, a total of 417 surveys were collected from the local population using the convenience sampling method. The research model designed to examine the mediating role of conservation commitment in the effect of value orientations on environmentally responsible behavior was analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Results – According to the findings, there are strong and positive relationships between value orientations and environmentally responsible behaviors and conservation commitments. The structural equation modeling conducted revealed that individuals' value orientations have a positive effect on environmentally responsible behavior. Additionally, the results of the bootstrap test indicated that the conservation commitment variable plays a significant mediating role in the effect of value orientations on environmentally responsible behavior.
Discussion – Upon reviewing the conducted studies, the structural validity of the value orientations scale was established. However, since no studies were found that examined the mediating role of conservation commitment in the effect of value orientations on environmentally responsible behaviors, this study was deemed necessary.

Comparison of REIT and BIST 100 Index Performances Using the Sharpe Ratio under High Inflation Periods

H. Nur SÜMER, Burçay YAŞAR AKÇALI, Levent SÜMER, Ali HEPŞEN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This research compares the performance of real estate investment trusts (REITs), which are among the key real estate capital market instruments in Türkiye with the BIST (Borsa Istanbul) 100 index and aims to shed light on the decision-making processes of domestic and foreign individual and institutional investors regarding long-term investments in our country through the real estate capital markets.
Design/methodology/approach – The research covers four different time periods separately: (2020-2024), (2021-2024), (2022-2024), and (2023-2024). Risk-return performance analyses are conducted using the Sharpe Ratio based on the monthly time series. Since the study includes a period of high inflation, the announced Consumer Price Index (CPI) is also used as a benchmark for comparison.
Results – The analyses indicate that the REIT index outperformed the BIST 100 index in all examined time periods. However, both indices performed below the CPI in the extremely high inflation environment.
Discussion – This study is the first to compare the performance of REITs and the BIST 100 index against the CPI using the Sharpe Ratio during the high-inflation period that started with the COVID-19 era. It contributes to the Turkish capital markets and provides policy recommendations to enhance the depth of the real estate capital markets.

Solution Suggestions of Businesses for Crises in Natural Disasters: February 6 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Example

Mustafa TAŞLIYAN, Elkhan GURBANLI, İrem Dilara BOZKURT — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study is composed of large and medium-sized enterprises operating in the central and districts of Elbistan, Onikişubat, Dulkadiroğlu, Afşin and Nurhak regions after the 7.7 and 7.8 magnitude double earthquakes that occurred eight hours apart in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey on February 6, 2023. Many factors such as damage status, labor migration status, sectoral problems, and emergency kits of enterprises in the region after the earthquakes were examined from different perspectives. The study aimed to obtain very important results in terms of determining what precautions enterprises should take in earthquakes occurring in the world, factors such as insurance, documents, supply chain, accommodation, and urgency situations, and revealing their priorities.
Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts a qualitative research design. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview technique with a total of 17 business owners. The data obtained were grouped under relevant themes and analysed using the Descriptive Analysis method.
Results – The insecurity of the businesses has made the redevelopment process of SMEs (small and medium-sized businesses) difficult after the earthquake and has caused a great financial loss. This potential can be easily done by expanding the mandatory earthquake insurance, encouraging insurance guarantees and expanding the expansion. In order to stop the progress in such natural disasters, the necessary incentives, principles, motivation sources, sanctions such as shelter should be worked on and established for the redevelopment of the region and kept in the region. It is seen that they have gathered the fleet, silos and warehouses that they have changed in one place. Incentives and planning should be made in order to keep them in several different places to make them smaller. The workers continued their endurance on their own. Assigning expert teams to those departments or those businesses and creating support desks makes a positive contribution to the worker psychology and regional development.
Discussion – This research provides a comprehensive evaluation of the post-earthquake conditions and priority needs of businesses in the affected region. It presents concrete and actionable recommendations for enterprises and managers. Implementing these recommendations will support the reconstruction of businesses and contribute to the economic recovery process in the earthquake-stricken areas.

Sorunlu Krediler ve Banka Etkinliği Arasındaki İlişki: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz

Bade EKİM KOCAMAN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the impact of non-performing loans on bank efficiency using annual panel data from 833 banks across 38 OECD countries during the period 2013–2022.
Design/methodology/approach – The study employs annual panel data to conduct bank-level efficiency analyses. Bank efficiency is used as the dependent variable, while the non-performing loan ratio is the main independent variable. Several control variables—such as bank size, capital ratio, economic growth, and net interest income—are included in the model.
Results – The results reveal that an increase in the non-performing loan ratio has a negative and statistically significant effect on bank efficiency, supporting the "bad luck hypothesis." Furthermore, control variables such as bank size, capital ratio, economic growth, and net interest income are also found to be important determinants of bank efficiency.
Discussion – The findings emphasize the need for banks to develop strategies aimed at improving credit quality and reducing costs. For policymakers, the study suggests implementing early warning systems, strengthening capital structures, and enhancing non-interest income sources.

Examining the Perception of Professional Ethics among Accounting Professionals and the Effect of This Perception on Unfair Competition: The Case of Kayseri Province

Yakup ÜLKER, Vahide TEKGÖZ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The main purpose of this research is to determine the professional ethics perception of accounting professionals operating in Kayseri province and the effects of these perceptions and thoughts on unfair competition and to offer solution suggestions accordingly.
Design/methodology/approach – The relational screening model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. In order to collect data, a survey study was conducted on a voluntary basis in February 2024 on the ethics scale and unfair competition scale among accounting professionals in Kayseri province to 322 professionals.
Results – According to the research results, while there is no significant difference in perceptions of professional ethics and unfair competition based on the variables of title, education level, age, and professional experience duration, a significant difference in the perception of professional ethics has been identified based on the variable of the number of clients. Although it is stated that professional members adhere to ethical values, it is believed that serious ethical issues are encountered in practice. In practice, there is a view that unethical behaviors are widespread due to taxpayer pressure and interests. It is stated that the penalties and regulations applied for unethical situations are insufficient.
Discussion – Professionals may tend to engage in unfair competition by deviating from ethical principles in line with their desire to protect their current portfolios. In the study, a positive, statistically significant, and moderate relationship was found between the perception of professional ethics and the perception of unfair competition. Additionally, the regression analysis revealed that the perception of professional ethics significantly and positively affects the perception of unfair competition (R²=0.230). This situation indicates that individuals with high ethical sensitivity develop greater awareness of unfair competition elements in their profession.

Consumer–Brand Relationship in the Telecommunication Sector from a Brand Hate Perspective

Güner ÇÖL, Yonca Nilay BAŞ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the antecedents and behavioral outcomes of brand hate within the context of the Turkish GSM sector, offering a comprehensive and integrative contribution to the existing literature.
Design/methodology/approach – Based on a quantitative design, data were collected via an online survey from 230 participants using a structured questionnaire with 36 items. The scales were adapted from prior studies and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
Results – Findings reveal that negative past experiences have the strongest impact on brand hate, followed by post-purchase service quality and perceived price unfairness. Low call quality, however, showed no significant effect. Among behavioral outcomes, brand hate most strongly predicted negative word-of-mouth, followed by brand avoidance and retaliation behaviors.
Discussion – By addressing both the antecedents and consequences of brand hate within a single empirical model, the study fills a gap in the literature. It also offers strategic implications for brand managers, emphasizing that unresolved negative consumer experiences can lead not only to dissatisfaction but also to active anti-brand behaviors. Proactive management of such emotions is essential for brand sustainability in competitive markets.

Identifying the Factors Influencing Restaurant Preferences of Families with Children: A Qualitative Study

Caner GÜÇLÜ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing the restaurant preferences of families with children and to offer recommendations for restaurant operators. In line with this objective, the study seeks to explore the criteria that families with children consider when choosing a restaurant, the significance of child-friendly services, and the impact of these services on families with children.
Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted using a qualitative research methodology, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 participants and analyzed using thematic analysis. The thematic coding process was carried out by three independent researchers, resulting in the identification of four main themes: (1) Child Comfort and Safety, (2) Play and Entertainment Areas, (3) Nutritional and Dining Support, and (4) Care and Rest Areas.
Results – The findings of the study highlight the central role of children in restaurant preferences. A significant number of participants indicated that meeting the needs of children is a decisive factor in restaurant selection. Moreover, it was found that family-friendly restaurants not only provide features targeted at children but also offer experiences where parents can relax and meet their own needs. Social media, recommendations from family and friends, and official restaurant websites were identified as reliable sources of reference for restaurant selection.
Discussion – In conclusion, the study clearly shows that having children plays a decisive role in parents' restaurant choices. Restaurant operators need to adopt a holistic approach that addresses both the physical and emotional needs of families by considering factors such as children's safety, play areas, healthy menus, and family-friendly environments. These findings serve as an important guide for restaurant operators to enhance their family-friendly services and provide an experience that meets the expectations of families.

Adaptation and Validation of the Creative Performance Pressure Scale in the Turkish Context

Saadet Nur KARADENİZLİ SİNAP, Semra GÜNEY — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The primary aim of this study is to adapt the Creative Performance Pressure scale developed by Liu et al. (2022) into Turkish and to comprehensively evaluate its factor structure and reliability. Additionally, the Routine Performance Pressure (Mitchell et al., 2018) and Creative Requirements (Unsworth et al., 2005) scales were also adapted into Turkish and assessed through convergent and divergent validity analyses, thereby contributing to the comprehensive validation of these measures. The second aim, aligned with the first, is to examine the effects of creative performance pressure, routine performance pressure, and creative requirements on employee well-being, work stress, and organizational creativity through these scales. Within the scope of this second aim, the study also seeks to establish the predictive validity of the scales.
Design/methodology/approach – Collaborative translation technique was used to ensure conceptual and linguistic equivalence of the scale items. Structural validity was tested through confirmatory factor analysis, while internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Predictive validity was examined via path analysis. Differences between public and private sector white-collar employees were analyzed using multi-group analysis. The study is theoretically grounded in Cognitive Appraisal and Conservation of Resources theories.
Results – The adapted scales demonstrated satisfactory levels of structural validity and reliability for use in the Turkish context. The results revealed significant sectoral differences in the perception of performance pressures and creative requirements, which were found to influence levels of work stress, organizational creativity, and psychological well-being.
Discussion – By adapting these scales into Turkish for the first time, the study contributes to the local literature. The findings emphasize that the impact of creative demands and pressures varies across sectors. Therefore, sector-specific strategies are needed to manage work-related stress effectively and foster creativity. Moreover, a balanced and mindful approach to managing these pressures is essential for safeguarding and improving employees’ psychological well-being.

The Impact of Economic Uncertainty, Exchange Rate, and Inflation Volatility on Entrepreneurial Activities in Turkey: Wavelet Coherence Analysis

Aslı ÖZEN ATABEY — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and macroeconomic variables such as economic uncertainty, exchange rate volatility, and inflation volatility in Turkey for the period 2009–2024. It evaluates the potential impacts of these macroeconomic determinants on entrepreneurial decision-making processes.
Design/methodology/approach – The number of newly established legal entity companies and the number of newly established real person commercial enterprises are utilized as proxies for entrepreneurial activities. The interrelationships among the variables are analyzed using the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto (FTY) causality test in the linear domain and the Wavelet Coherence (WTC) test in the time-frequency domain. These methodologies are effective in revealing non-linear and time-varying dynamics.
Results – The FTY test did not detect any linear causality. However, the WTC analysis revealed significant periodic and frequency-dependent relationships between the macroeconomic volatility indicators and entrepreneurship. These relationships indicate that the variables can exert both short-term and long-term effects.
Discussion – The findings suggest the presence of non-stationary, time-sensitive, and frequency-dependent interactions between entrepreneurship and macroeconomic volatilities. While contemporaneous effects are prominent in the short run, the determinacy of structural factors increases in the long run.

Time-Varying Sectoral Responses to Global Economic Policy Uncertainty: A DCC-GARCH Analysis of Borsa Istanbul

Çiğdem KURT CİHANGİR, Erginbay UĞURLU — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to examine the time-varying sectoral effects of global economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on Borsa Istanbul. Focusing on the hypothesis that U.S.-based EPU shocks generate heterogeneous and dynamic responses across different sectors in emerging markets like Türkiye, the research seeks to reveal sector-specific patterns of vulnerability to global uncertainty.
Design/methodology/approach – Using monthly data covering the period from January 2010 to March 2025, the study analyzes the dynamic relationships between the U.S. EPU index and the BIST 100 general index along with eight major sectoral indices (banking, industrials, services, technology, electricity, textiles, machinery-equipment, and metals). A multivariate DCC-GARCH model is employed to capture the time-varying conditional correlations. Model validity is statistically verified, and the evolution of correlation coefficients is interpreted in light of both sectoral structures and global shocks.
Results – The results indicate that the correlations between sectoral returns and EPU are predominantly negative and weak, but highly unstable over time. Significant fluctuations, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, reveal that global uncertainty shocks do not impact all sectors uniformly. The banking index exhibits the highest level of comovement with other sectors, confirming its systemic role in Türkiye’s financial ecosystem.
Discussion – The findings suggest that economic policy uncertainty does not exert uniform effects across markets. Sectoral responses vary according to industry characteristics and external exposure, underscoring the need for flexible, sector-oriented policy tools. For policymakers, the ineffectiveness of one-size-fits-all interventions is evident, while investors are encouraged to adopt adaptive strategies sensitive to time-varying sectoral risk structures.

The Role of Paradoxical Leadership in The Effect of Aviation Sector Employees' Perception of Work Overload on Their Workplace Resilience

Ersan DİKİLİ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Workplace resilience is important in dynamic areas such as the aviation sector within the scope of the Resource Conservation Theory, which is based on the fact that individuals tend to protect, develop and acquire new resources and experience stress when these resources are threatened or lost. Especially due to the emergence of work overload arising from sectoral dynamics, organisations develop strategies at both individual and organisational levels to minimise the loss of resources in employees and to ensure workplace resilience. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to determine the moderating role of paradoxical leadership in the effect of work overload perceptions of aviation sector employees on workplace resilience.
Design/methodology/approach – The study included 430 people working in the civil aviation sector. A questionnaire form consisting of Demographic Information Form, Perception of Work Overload Scale, Paradoxical Leadership Scale and Workplace Resilience Scale was used to collect the research data. The hypotheses of the study were tested using Smart PLS 4.1 and structural equation modelling within the framework of partial least squares method.
Results – According to the findings of the study, perception of work overload decreases workplace resilience, while paradoxical leadership increases it. However, paradoxical leadership has a moderating role in the effect of work overload perception on workplace resilience. Accordingly, within the framework of the moderating role of paradoxical leadership, the negative effect of work overload perception on workplace resilience decreases.
Discussion – Organisations that want to improve workplace resilience should plan employees' workloads correctly, and emphasise paradoxical leadership with the ability to manage contradictions and foster an environment where both support and high expectations coexist.

The Relationship between Economic Development and Foreign Trade for the TRC3 Region (Batman, Mardin, Siirt, Şırnak)

Hasan BARDAKÇI — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to analyse the impact of foreign trade on economic growth in TRC3 Region (Batman, Mardin, Siirt, Şırnak). It is evaluated how the differences in development levels between regions shape the impact of foreign trade on economic growth.
Design/methodology/approach – The impact of foreign trade, credit and labour variables on economic growth in TRC3 provinces using the data between 2004-2020 has been analysed by econometric methods. In the study, GDP per capita is selected as an indicator of economic growth and foreign trade data is expressed as the sum of exports and imports. In the analyses, unit root and cointegration tests and then DOLS method are used.
Results – According to the results of the analyses, foreign trade has no statistically significant effect on economic growth in TRC3 provinces. On the other hand, labour and credit have positive effects on economic growth. The findings show that the gains from foreign trade are not spread throughout the region and that inequalities in income distribution are among the main reasons for this situation.
Discussion – In developing regions such as the TRC3 Region, income inequality and limited local industrial infrastructure are among the main reasons why foreign trade does not increase economic growth. The study emphasises that the impact of foreign trade on economic growth is stronger in coastal and industrialised regions and weaker in less developed and inland regions. This situation raises policy recommendations for the elimination of regional inequalities and a more equitable distribution of income from foreign trade.

Psychological Ownership with Antecedents and Consequences: A Systematic Review

Enis HİÇYILMAZ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study, which examines articles on psychological ownership within the national literature, has two main objectives. The first objective is to reveal the conceptual structure of psychological ownership; the second is to identify the independent, dependent, mediating and moderating variables with which the concept interacts.
Design/methodology/approach – For these purposes, the keyword "psychological ownership" was searched using the Turkish Academic Archives, EKUAL, DergiPark, Sobiad Citation Index, TRDizin databases, and Google Scholar. The search yielded 256 potential documents, and various inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. As a result, 38 documents that could answer the research questions were analyzed using the MAXQDA'24 program.
Results – Analysis findings show that studies were concentrated between 2020 and 2024, with the most frequently used measurement tools developed by Van Dyne and Pierce (2004) and Avey, Avolio, Crossley, and Luthans (2009), the most frequently studied antecedent variables are good leadership characteristics, organisational support, adaptability, psychological empowerment and organisational climate, while the outcome variables are contextual performance, task performance and job commitment.
Discussion – Although the results obtained in the study are partially consistent with the international literature, it is seen that some variables have not been measured in the studies conducted in the Turkish sample. In the last part of the study, the findings obtained from the research are discussed and various specific suggestions are presented for researchers who want to carry out studies on the subject. It is thought that the suggestions presented in the study will contribute to the organisational behaviour literature.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Greenwashing and Firm Value

Hilal Merve ALAGÖZ, Merve ÖZ, Cansu Korkmaz MENDERES — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Greenwashing, traditionally a marketing concept, has gained increasing relevance in economics, finance, accounting, and law. As a result, bibliometric analyses on greenwashing have attracted growing scholarly interest. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of the literature on greenwashing and firm value, identifying key trends, productive countries, institutions, influential authors, and collaborative networks while examining the relationship between greenwashing and firm value.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database through systematic searches. The analysis includes 473 publications from 2003 to 2024 in disciplines such as environmental sciences, business, management, finance, communication, and ethics. Among these, 170 studies explicitly address both greenwashing and firm value.
Results – The findings indicate a substantial increase in research output, particularly after 2020, with nearly 50 publications per year by 2023. Sustainability, performance evaluation, and transparency emerge as dominant themes. While China leads in research output, European countries exhibit higher collaboration rates. Influential authors, such as Li W and Zhang D, and leading journals, including the Journal of Business Ethics, have significantly shaped the field. Thematic developments indicate a shift from management-centered discussions to a stronger emphasis on sustainability and financial performance.
Discussion – The study provides theoretical and practical insights into the impact of greenwashing on firm value, offering implications for managers, stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers. While greenwashing remains a relatively new research area, its scholarly attention is expanding rapidly. This study contributes by examining both greenwashing and its financial implications, particularly how stakeholders perceive greenwashing and its effects on firm value.

The Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out in the Effect of Boreout Syndrome on Turnover Intention

Ferhat UĞURLU — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Technological developments have brought along various problems for employees in enterprises. Some of the factors that are effective in the emergence of these problems are the fear of missing developments outside the organization and the intention to quit as a result of being bored at work. The purpose of this study is to reveal the mediating role of fear of missing developments in the effect of boreout syndrome (boredom at work syndrome) on turnover intention in organizations.
Design/methodology/approach – The research was designed in a quantitative design. For the research, data was collected by questionnaire technique. The main mass of the research consisted of employees working in textile companies in Adana province. A sample was taken from the main mass by simple random sampling. In this context, 477 valid survey data collected were included in the analysis. Analyses were carried out with SPSS 25 program and Amos 24 software. In order to test the variables in terms of fit, a structural model was first created with structural equation modeling. After the fit and validity of the structural model created for the variables were determined, the mediator model was established.
Results – As a result of the research analysis, it is seen that all of the dimensions of boreout syndrome significantly affect turnover intention and fear of missing developments. While the dimensions of boreout syndrome, crisis of meaning at work and boredom at work have a positive and significant effect on turnover intention, the dimension of development at work has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention. In addition, all of the dimensions of boreout syndrome have a significant effect on the mediating variable of fear of missing developments. It was seen that fear of missing developments has a full mediating role in the effect of boreout syndrome on turnover intention. According to the findings of the study, it was observed that employees' turnover intentions increased with the increase in boreout syndrome. In addition, it is seen that the fear of missing developments positively affects turnover intention.
Discussion – Since most of the employees spend a significant part of the day at work, boredom at work and the fear of missing out on developments may increase the intention of employees to leave their jobs over time. This situation may lead to a decrease in organizational success. In this context, if the factors that cause the boreout syndrome and the fear of missing developments can be prevented, employees' turnover intentions can be reduced.

Monetary Policy and Bank Profitability in Türkiye: Evidence from the Fourier Approach

Erhan AKARDENİZ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the monetary policies implemented in Turkey after the global crisis in 2008 on the profitability of the Turkish banking system.
Design/methodology/approach – Monthly data for the period 2011-2024 are analyzed with the data of 53 banks operating in Turkey, including foreign capital, public capital and private capital. Fourier ARDL (FARDL) test method was used in the study. Short and long-run relationships were estimated with FARDL.
Results – There is a negative relationship between the variables representing monetary policy implementations (weighted average cost of funding and broad money supply) and bank profitability. When interest rates and money supply increase, profitability in the banking sector decreases.
Discussion – The long-run coefficients indicate that the CBRT funding cost (AOFM), money supply (M3), deposit/asset ratio (M) and non-performing loan ratio (A) variables have significant and negative effects on bank profitability (ROA). On the other hand, capital adequacy (S) and inflation (TUFE) variables have significant and positive effects on bank profitability. Industrial production index (SUE) does not have a statistically significant effect in the long run. According to the findings of the error correction model (ECM), the long-run equilibrium is approached in every short run and the model is cointegrated and stable. The CBRT's interest rate policies directly affect banks' loan margins and thus their profitability. In the long run, high funding costs have a negative impact on banks' sustainable profitability. In this context, interest rate volatility should be reduced by ensuring market stability and long-term financing instruments should be encouraged. Expansions in the money supply have a negative impact on bank profitability both in the short and long run. Therefore, channeling the abundance of liquidity to productive areas, limiting low-productivity loans and more effective portfolio management are important for ensuring profitability.

Inverted U Dynamics in the Financial System: An Empirical Analysis on the Loan-to-Deposit Ratio and Interest Rates

Gökhan SÜMER — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study investigates the nonlinear relationship between the Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR) and various interest rates namely deposit, commercial loan, consumer loan, auto loan, and mortgage loan interest rates in the Turkish banking sector.
Design/methodology/approach – Using monthly data from June 2010 to February 2024, the analysis employs quadratic regression models inspired by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, capturing the inverted U-shaped dynamic behavior of LDR over time.
Results – The results confirm that the LDR initially increases to a peak and subsequently declines, mirroring EKC patterns. Regression findings indicate that increases in interest rates significantly affect the LDR, with the consumer and deposit interest rates showing the strongest impacts. The stationarity of the regression residuals, tested via the Kapetanios, Shin, and Snell (KSS) nonlinear unit root test, supports the existence of long-term equilibrium relationships between LDR and interest rates.
Discussion – These findings provide valuable insights for financial policymakers aiming to design balanced credit and deposit strategies. In particular, it reveals that the system contains a turning point and exhibits high sensitivity to interest rates.

Digital Footprints of Restaurant Businesses in Bolu: A Netnographic Analysis of Tripadvisor Reviews

Özkan SÜZER — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to assess the satisfaction and complaint levels of customers visiting restaurants in Bolu by analyzing their online reviews. It also seeks to develop practical recommendations based on these findings. Specifically, the study evaluates customer satisfaction across various parameters, including taste, service quality, atmosphere, staff attentiveness, price/performance ratio, accessibility, hygiene, and presentation.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from the online review platform Tripadvisor. The top 10 highest-rated restaurants in Bolu were selected, yielding 1,131 reviews. After removing 31 irrelevant or non-substantive comments, a total of 1,100 reviews were subjected to analysis. A netnographic approach was adopted, and content analysis was used to identify the key themes influencing customer experiences.
Results – The analysis revealed that the reviews clustered around eight primary themes: taste, service quality, atmosphere, staff attentiveness, price/performance, accessibility, hygiene, and presentation. Among these, taste was the most frequently mentioned theme, with generally positive evaluations. Nevertheless, issues related to pricing and hygiene emerged as areas requiring improvement. While aspects related to accessibility (e.g., parking and location) received mostly favorable feedback, staff-related concerns—such as stress and lack of empathy—were noted as needing attention.
Discussion – The findings suggest that restaurants in Bolu should prioritize improvements in staff attentiveness, hygiene, pricing strategies, and presentation to enhance overall customer satisfaction. In particular, the emotional connection and empathetic interaction between staff and customers, as well as the perceived value of the service relative to its cost, were emphasized. These insights offer actionable guidance for restaurant operators aiming to elevate service standards. Additionally, the results may inform public policymakers in shaping strategies for the development of gastronomic tourism in Bolu.

Front Office Employees Against Customer Misbehavior in Hospitality Businesses

Ozan ESEN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – Customer misbehavior creates serious consequences for employees, businesses, and other customers. In this regard, the aim of this study is to reveal the customer misbehaviors encountered by front office department employees who are in close contact with guests in hospitality businesses, as well as the behaviors and approaches used by employees to deal with these situations.
Design/methodology/approach – In the study, interview method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. In this context, interviews were conducted with 15 front office department employees working in hospitality businesses. The data obtained were subjected to content analysis. Considering the ease and speed it provides in qualitative research, the analyses were performed using MaxQDA 24 Pro software.
Results – As a result of the research, it was determined that all front office department employees were exposed to different customer misbehaviors. Young male employees, especially those working in the front office department, receiving indecent proposals and signs of sexual harassment in their interactions with customers are factors that should be taken into consideration. Another unique finding of the study is the finding that guests migrating from underdeveloped or developing countries to developed countries (e.g. France, England, etc.) generally draw a negative guest profile. This study also reveals that customer misbehavior causes financial damage to front office employees.
Discussion – This study emphasises that customer misbehavior is not only an issue that needs to be addressed in terms of each individual's coping behavior, but also an issue that needs to be considered as a whole in the solution-finding process of hospitality businesses. Our findings will help hotel managers better understand how to deal with customer misbehavior and help employees better understand the factors that minimise negative consequences for other customers and the business.

An Approach to Organizational Discipline Design: The Impact of Panopticon Practices on Employee Behavior

Gülbahar TÜRKMENOĞLU — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine employees' perceptions of panopticon practices;the impact of this perception on work behavior and workplace approaches;whether perceptions of panopticon practices in the workplace differ based on certain demographic characteristics of employees;as well as to identify managers' perspectives on the panopticon and to investigate the organizational impact of the panopticon from managers' perspective.
Design/methodology/approach – Mixed methods research was used in the study. Data regarding the quantitative stage of the research were collected from employees of a production enterprise through a survey using the four-dimensional Panopticon scale developed by Bıyıkbeyi (2019). Data regarding the qualitative stage were collected through interviews with the same business managers using a semi-structured interview technique.
Results – As a result of the analysis conducted with IBM SPSS 26.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) package program in the quantitative stage of the study it was concluded that the Panopticon had significant impact on employees. A significant difference was found between employees' "total working hours" and external accountability, positive panopticon, and awareness of being monitored while no significant difference was found with negative panopticon. On the other hand a relationship was found between employees' "tenure at the current company" and all sub-dimensions of the panopticon. In the qualitative stage of the study, descriptive analysis was used to analyze interviews with managers, and the findings were interpreted according to the identified themes. Accordingly, it was determined that the managers who participated in the research implemented surveillance for certain reasons, primarily discipline, provided that it was not too strict. In addition, it was found that managers deemed panopticon applications for employees necessary.
Discussion – By employing mixed methods research the study allows for the examination of the panopticon from both management and employee perspectives. In the qualitative stage of the study, information was obtained from managers about panopticon practices and their justifications; in the quantitative stage, employees' perceptions and behaviors towards the panopticon were examined. In this respect, the study provides a broad framework in the context of both organizations and literature.

Gastronomic Representations in Michelin-Starred Restaurants of Istanbul: A Thematic Critical Discourse Analysis

Mehtap YÜCEL GÜNGÖR — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study examines the gastronomic representations of Michelin-starred restaurants in Istanbul, focusing on how these representations are constructed through the themes of luxury, locality, globality, innovation, and sustainability.
Design/methodology/approach – Employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis, the research analyzed textual and visual content from the official websites of seven Michelin-starred restaurants, including one with two stars. Discourse analysis was first applied to identify recurring patterns, followed by thematic coding based on the five identified themes. Comparative discourse graphs were generated to illustrate thematic interplay. Validity and reliability were ensured through inter-coder agreement and consistency with established literature.
Results – Luxury and innovation emerged as the dominant discursive themes, while locality and globality frequently coexisted within a “glocal” framework. Sustainability was less prominent, but notable emphasis was placed on environmental responsibility and local producer engagement in supply chains. Visual content reinforced textual messages, emphasizing aesthetics, quality, and originality.
Discussion – The findings suggest that Michelin-starred restaurants in Istanbul function as more than culinary establishments; they are active agents in shaping cultural capital, brand prestige, and destination identity. This research offers insights for gastronomic tourism, brand management, and cultural representation studies.

Periodic and Regional Differences in Resource Distribution and Healthcare Utilization in Healthcare Institutions

Feyziye TOMBAK DİZİLİ — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to reveal the periodic changes and regional differences in the physical infrastructure, human resources, technological equipment and healthcare utilization indicators of public healthcare institutions in Türkiye between 2020 and 2023.
Design/methodology/approach – In the study, data from 12 regional public health institutions in Türkiye covering the years 2020-2023 were used. Data were compiled from the Health Statistics Yearbooks published by the Ministry of Health. In the study, multiple comparison analyses were performed with parametric and non-parametric difference tests to determine regional and periodic differences in indicators related to healthcare institution resources and utilization. The indicators were evaluated under four headings: physical infrastructure, human resources, technological equipment, and healthcare utilization.
Results – The findings reveal significant differences in various indicators, both across years and regions. The TRC (Southeastern Anatolia) region has relatively the lowest values in many indicators related to healthcare institution resources and utilization. Comparisons across years revealed increasing trends in some indicators, while decreasing trends in others were observed.
Discussion – The findings indicate that there may be significant differences in public health resources and service utilization indicators across regions and years. In particular, higher or lower values of certain indicators in some regions may indicate a lack of homogeneous distribution in healthcare service provision. In addition, the increasing or decreasing trends observed in some indicators over the years suggest that healthcare service delivery may be affected by various dynamics. In this context, considering regional needs in resource planning and allocation processes in public healthcare institutions is considered a crucial requirement.

A Qualitative Study on the Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Tourism Students' Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation

Emine BALCI — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The objective of this study is to examine the change in individual entrepreneurial orientation of tourism students at the university level before and after entrepreneurship education.
Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research design was adopted. Semi-structured written questionnaires were administered to 20 associate and undergraduate students at Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis.
Results – The findings show that entrepreneurship education enhances students’ understanding of entrepreneurial concepts and their awareness of required entrepreneurial traits. Positive developments were observed in personal characteristics such as self-confidence, initiative, and determination. Additionally, the tendency to start a business increased, along with improved awareness of skills such as strategic thinking, planning, and creativity.
Discussion – Entrepreneurship education contributes not only to professional knowledge but also to personal development by fostering self-awareness, goal setting, and self-efficacy. Based on the findings, it is recommended that comprehensive and experience-based entrepreneurship education be more widely integrated into university tourism curricula.

Financial Management and Resource Allocation in Healthcare Institutions: The Value-Based Relationship between Autoimmune Diseases and Health Expenditures

İbrahim Halil KAYRAL, Seda TAŞIR — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the burden of autoimmune diseases and healthcare expenditures in Türkiye from a healthcare management perspective, within the framework of value-based financial management.
Design/methodology/approach – Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (WHO-GHED) covering the years 2010–2021 were utilized. Mortality, morbidity, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to autoimmune diseases were evaluated and compared with healthcare expenditures for the same period. Descriptive statistics, trend analyses, correlation, and multiple regression methods were employed.
Results – The findings indicate that the DALY burden of autoimmune diseases in Türkiye has shown an upward trend over the years, and the share of expenditures associated with this burden within total healthcare spending has steadily increased. A significant and positive correlation was identified between rising healthcare expenditures and the DALY burden (p<0.05).
Discussion – The results emphasize the necessity of value-based approaches for financial management and resource allocation in healthcare institutions. The findings provide important strategic insights for hospital administration in terms of cost-effectiveness, resource distribution, and sustainability. As the burden of autoimmune diseases on the healthcare system continues to rise, healthcare expenditures need to be restructured in line with value-based approaches. The implementation of value-based healthcare management is shown to be critical for policymakers and hospital managers to ensure the effectiveness of financial management in the face of an increasing chronic disease burden.Key Word: Autoimmune Diseases, Disease Burden, Health Expenditures, Value-Based Healthcare Management.

A Football Romanticism: The Çarşı Group Through The Lenses of Institutional Entrepreneurship and Fan Identity Roles

Zuhal ŞENYUVA — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – This study aims to examine the role of the presence of highly influential actors in terms of symbolic interaction in the process of constructing the mental structure of the crowd.
Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the case of Çarşı fan group was chosen as an actor with a high power to influence the masses both because of the high symbolic capacity of social culture in the information sharing processes in Turkiye and because of the importance of the mediating role of fan groups in the construction process of institutional logic due to the lack of direct interaction between sports clubs and the masses consisting of the club's fans in the context of football. The study employs the semiotic analysis method to evaulate the symbols that Çarşı carries to the masses through its banners. It was qualitatively evaluated whether it contributes to the dissemination of the dominant logic of the sports club it represents to the masses and the construction of the mental unity of the crowd, or whether it acts as an institutional entrepreneur to realize a mission related to social life.
Findings – Although Çarşı adopts the logics of ‘Beşiktaş’ identity in the context of both the sports club and the neighborhood, it is an actor that uses symbols to legitimize itself through these logics in information sharing processes. Therefore, it has not been effective in either of its roles when trying to create a convenient atmosphere for change.
Discussion – Based on this qualitative analysis, the theoretical conclusion was drawn that ‘the effort to be linked to the more powerful actor to gain legitimacy within the crowds, where indirect and distant relations dominate, will weaken the capacity of institutional entrepreneurs to create change".

Project Cycle Management of Canal İstanbul Project

Uğur EMEK, Ebru Burcu YARDIMCI BOZDOĞAN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to analyse the economic impacts of the artificial waterway that will connect the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea.
Design/methodology/approach – Open-source data was used to examine the demand forecast and economic impacts of Canal Istanbul. The potential cost of the Canal was calculated using historical vessel traffic information on the Bosphorus, developments in international maritime transportation, and international comparisons. In addition, within the framework of the rights granted by the Montreux Convention, Turkey has the right to collect fees for lighthouses, rescue services, and pilotage services. The real value of these fees, which were calculated incorrectly in practice, was recalculated within the framework of the rules in the Montreux Convention.
Findings – In the Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Canal Istanbul, it is suggested that the number of vessels passing through the Bosphorus will increase. Historical data shows that the number of vessels passing has decreased. Indicators reflecting international vessel transportation show that there is no upward trend in maritime transportation. In addition, Canal Istanbul does not shorten distances, unlike artificial waterways around the world. In addition, the cost of Canal Istanbul calculated in this research is much higher than the cost values announced in official texts.
Discussion – The main rule of project cycle management requires a good needs analysis. The purpose and scope of the project should be clearly defined when performing a needs analysis. The purpose of the Canal Istanbul project is hardly understood from the statements made by the authorities and official texts. In the beginning, the authorities stated that the vessel traffic in the Bosphorus Strait has increased and that this will cause dangerous accident risks. They claimed that Canal Istanbul will reduce the traffic load on the Bosphorus. Contrary to the authorities' statements, official data show that the number of vessels passing through the Bosphorus Strait has been steadily decreasing. Canal Istanbul aims to achieve more than one goal at the same time. Therefore, a realistic cost calculation is not easy to be made. Consequently, the project is not economically efficient.

Blockchain, Regulation, and the Business Ecosystem: A Legal Perspective

Onur CERAN — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose- This study explores the critical business implications of Web3 technologies within Türkiye's unique legal landscape, a nation experiencing significant crypto adoption and evolving regulations. By analyzing the architectural shifts from Web1.0 to Web3, we aim to understand how traditional legal frameworks create significant challenges for all stakeholders affected by decentralized environments, not just those operating within them.
Design/methodology/approach- This study adopts a multidisciplinary and comparative research design, integrating both technological and legal perspectives to investigate the evolution from Web1.0 to Web3 and the associated legal implications. Given the complexity and scope of the subject matter, a mixed methods approach is employed, combining qualitative content analysis, document analysis, and comparative case study methodologies.
Findings- The findings suggest that existing legislation is inadequate and outdated and poses a risk of future legislative actions causing irreversible or difficult-to-remedy harm if current legal gaps remain unaddressed.
Discussion- Drawing from real-world case scenarios, the study highlights the urgent need for adaptive legal strategies that align with the decentralized, borderless, and immutable nature of blockchain infrastructures. The findings aim to support business leaders, legal practitioners, and policymakers seeking to innovate responsibly within the emerging Web3 economy.